Modular physical activity monitoring system

ABSTRACT

A system includes an activity-specific article and an activity-agnostic puck. The article includes a receptacle and an activity-specific sensor coupled to the receptacle. The puck is configured to be removably positioned in the receptacle. The puck includes a processor, a communication interface, and at least one activity-agnostic sensor coupled to the processor. The processor receives information from the activity-specific sensor and the activity-agnostic sensor, and provides the received information through the communication interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication 62/018,678 filed Jun. 30, 2014 to Jonathan Schaffer, titled“MODULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MONITORING SYSTEM,” the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods formeasuring, collecting, storing, communicating, permissioning,processing, analyzing and displaying data acquired by sensor componentsdistributed on, around or within the body.

SUMMARY

In an aspect, a system includes an activity-specific article and anactivity-agnostic puck. The article includes at least one receptacle andat least one activity-specific sensor coupled to the receptacle. Thepuck is configured to be removably positioned in the receptacle. Thepuck includes a processor, a communication interface, and at least oneactivity-agnostic sensor coupled to the processor. The processorreceives information from the activity-specific sensor and theactivity-agnostic sensor, and provides the received information throughthe communication interface.

In another aspect, a method includes, while a puck is removablypositioned in a first receptacle, collecting first activity-specificsensor information through the first receptacle during a first activityperiod; and transmitting second activity information from a memory ofthe puck through a communication interface of the puck. The secondactivity information represents second activity-specific sensorinformation received by the puck through a second receptacle during asecond activity period prior to the first activity period, and furtherrepresents activity-agnostic sensor information received from within thepuck during the second activity period

In another aspect, a sealed removable puck includes a processor, acommunication interface coupled to the processor, a sensor, a sensorinterface coupled to the sensor, and a physical interface. The processoridentifies, through information received via the physical interface whencoupled to the receptacle, an activity-specific article to which thereceptacle is attached. The processor receives activity-specific sensorinformation through the physical interface and activity-agnostic sensorinformation from the sensor interface. The processor provides thereceived activity-specific and activity-agnostic sensor informationwirelessly through the communication interface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a physical activity monitoring systemaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a side view illustration of an example of a puck according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a bottom view illustration of an example of the puck of FIG.3A according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4A is a perspective view illustration of an example of a receptacleaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4B is an end view illustration of the receptacle of FIG. 4Aaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A, 5B illustrate a glove according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 6A, 6B illustrate a glove according to another embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a removable puck according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates placing a puck into a wristband article.

FIG. 9 illustrates a shoe article according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates a helmet article according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of components of a physical activitymonitoring system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is an illustration of a unique ID device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 13A, 13B illustrate a prototype weightlifting glove according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13C is a plot of information received from the prototypeweightlifting glove of FIGS. 13A, 13B.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a piezoresistive sensor according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

Advantages and features of the present disclosure will become betterunderstood with reference to the following more detailed description andclaims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in whichlike elements are identified with like symbols.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

There is a growing demand in consumer, industrial and clinicalenvironments for systems and devices to measure, record, analyze andshare greater amounts of physiological and biomechanical information.The applications for such systems and devices are wide ranging andinclude, but are not limited to, the automatic capture andidentification of strength, resistance, kinesthetic and cardio trainingdata, the permissioned sharing of health and fitness data with thirdparty professionals, the reduction of injury and waste through thewide-scale and unobtrusive measurement of worker time and motion data,and the automatic recognition of symptoms indicative of serious healthproblems when they arise, as opposed to retrospectively at regularlyscheduled appointments.

The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods formeasuring, collecting, storing, communicating, permissioning,processing, analyzing and displaying data acquired by sensor componentsdistributed on, around or within the body.

Measurements may be taken from one or more sensors. In one or moreembodiments, sensors detect forces applied to a body, or forces appliedby a body. In one or more embodiments, sensors detect position, motion,and rates of change of motion.

Sensors may be associated with or incorporated into garments, apparel,accessories or gear. Sensors may include flexible and stretchablefabric-based force measuring sensors.

Uniquely identifiable, interchangeable and assignable sensor sub-systemsallow for quick coupling, decoupling and recoupling of activity-agnosticsystem components and activity-specific system components. Sensors andsensor systems provide real-time, near real-time, and batch processedfeedback relating to current or historical body conditions, forces andmotion. This feedback allows for the provision of notifications, alerts,trends and anomaly detection, both to users and to permissioned thirdparty professionals.

FIG. 1 illustrates a modular physical activity monitoring system 100according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. System 100includes one or more pucks 110 and one or more receptacles 120 forreceiving the pucks 110. One or more of receptacles 120 are attached toeach of one or more articles 130. Pucks 110 communicate with a computingdevice 140, and information provided by a puck 110 may be providedthrough a network 150 to one or more other computing devices 140. Asillustrated in FIG. 1 for one computing device 140, but may be generallyapplicable, computing device 140 may include a display 160 with agraphical user interface 170, and may further include storage 180.

By way of an example in overview, during a physical activity monitoringsession, a subject may wear multiple articles 130, each of whichincludes one (or more) receptacle 120. Each receptacle 120 may have apuck 110 placed therein; however, it is not necessary that eachreceptacle 120 of article 130 includes a puck 110. Information relatedto data received from sensors (described below) is stored in puck 110,and/or is provided to a local external computing device 140. In one ormore embodiments, information is provided through GUI 170 on display 160of the local computing device 140. The information may alternatively oradditionally be sent through network 150 to another computing device140, such as a device of a third party professional (e.g., a physicaltrainer or physician). A detailed description of components of system100 follows.

Puck 110 is small and lightweight so as to minimize interference with asubject's physical activity. In one or more embodiments, puck 110 ishumidity and water resistant, or is waterproof, to allow, for example,physical activity in the rain or in a pool, or to minimize risk ofdamage if puck 110 is inadvertently laundered. Puck 110 is readilyplaced in, and readily removed from, receptacle 120. Puck 110 is notspecific to any one receptacle 120, and is configured generically, to beinterchangeably placed in multiple ones of the receptacles 120 atdifferent times. Accordingly, puck 110 is agnostic as to any givenreceptacle 120. Further details of puck 110 are provided below.

Receptacle 120 is specific to a particular intended positioning on anarticle 130. By way of example, in one or more embodiments, an article130 is a full bodysuit that may include twenty-one (or more, or less)receptacles 120 (e.g., one at the head, one at the upper torso, one atthe lower torso, and one at each of the shoulders, elbows, wrists,hands, hips thighs, knees, ankles, and feet). Each of the receptacles120 is specific to the corresponding body portion that it is positionedto monitor. In such a full bodysuit, one or more pucks 110 may be placedin receptacles 120 according to a particular physical activity to beperformed. Receptacles 120 include sensors for monitoring specificactivities at the associated body portion. Further details of receptacle120 are provided below.

Article 130 is positioned on the body to monitor a portion or portionsof the body. In the example of the full bodysuit, one article 130provides for monitoring of many portions of the body. In otherembodiments, article 130 provides for monitoring fewer portions of thebody. For example, article 130 may be a glove, a sock, a neck scarf, aknee brace, an elbow pad, or a shoe. Further details of article 130 areprovided below.

Computing device 140 is a workstation, telephone, desktop computer,laptop or notebook computer, tablet computer, server, mobile telephone(e.g., smart phone), personal digital assistant, media playing device,gaming system, mobile computing device, wearable computing device, orany other type and/or form of computing, telecommunications or mediadevice that is capable of communication, and that has sufficientprocessor power and memory capacity to perform the operations describedherein. In one or more embodiments, the computing device 140 may havedifferent processors, operating systems, and input devices. Furtherdetails of computing device 140 are provided below.

Network 150 represents any type of network, such as a wide area networkor a local area network, mesh network, or a combination of networks.Network 150 may include one or more of analog and digital networks, widearea and local area networks, wired and wireless networks, and broadbandand narrowband networks. In some implementations, network 150 mayinclude a cable (e.g., coaxial metal cable), satellite, fiber optic, orother wired connection.

Display 160 may be part of computing device 140, or may be separate fromcomputing device 140. For example, with respect to a server, display 160may be physically separate (e.g., in another room) from computing device140; whereas, for a mobile phone, display 160 is integrated intocomputing device 140.

GUI 170 provides an interface between computing device 140 and a personviewing display 160. In one or more embodiments, in addition to thegraphical portion of GUI 170, there is an audio portion of GUI 170, suchas for verbal interaction between the person and computing device 140.In one or more embodiments, in addition to the graphical and audioportion of GUI 170, there is a haptic portion of GUI 170, such as forphysical feedback to the person from computing device 140.

Storage 180 is information storage external to computing device 140,providing additional storage space for the potentially large amount ofdata that may be accumulated from pucks 110 of one or more subjects.

Details of certain components of modular physical activity monitoringsystem 100 are provided next.

As noted above, there may be one or more computing devices 140 inmodular physical activity monitoring system 100. Additionally, puck 110may include a computing device.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a computing device 200 (e.g., computingdevice 140) that includes a processor 210, a memory 220, an input/outputinterface 230, and a communication interface 240. A bus 250 provides acommunication path between two or more of the components of computingdevice 200. The components shown are provided by way of illustration andare not limiting. Computing device 200 may have additional or fewercomponents, or multiple of the same component.

Processor 210 represents one or more of a general-purpose processor,digital signal processor, microprocessor, microcontroller, applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array(FPGA), other circuitry effecting processor functionality, or acombination thereof, along with associated logic and interfacecircuitry.

Memory 220 represents one or both of volatile and non-volatile memoryfor storing information (e.g., instructions and data). Examples ofmemory include semiconductor memory devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, flashmemory, RAM, or ROM devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disksor removable disks or magnetic tape, magneto-optical disks, CD-ROM andDVD-ROM disks, holographic disks, and the like.

Portions of modular physical activity monitoring system 100 may beimplemented as computer-readable instructions in memory 220 of computingdevice 200, executed by processor 210.

Input/output interface 230 represents electrical components and optionalcode that together provide an interface from the internal components ofcomputing device 200 to external components. Examples include a driverintegrated circuit with associated programming, or an interface tostorage 180.

Communication interface 240 represents electrical components andoptional code that together provides an interface from the internalcomponents of computing device 200 to external networks, such as network150. Communication interface 240 may be bi-directional, such that, forexample, data may be sent from computing device 200, and instructionsand updates may be received by computing device 200.

Bus 250 represents one or more interfaces between components withincomputing device 200. For example, bus 250 may include a dedicatedconnection between processor 210 and memory 220 as well as a sharedconnection between processor 210 and multiple other components ofcomputing device 200.

An embodiment of the disclosure relates to a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium (e.g., a memory 220) having computercode thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. Theterm “computer-readable storage medium” is used herein to include anymedium that is capable of storing or encoding a sequence of instructionsor computer codes for performing the operations, methodologies, andtechniques described herein. The media and computer code may be thosespecially designed and constructed for the purposes of the embodimentsof the disclosure, or they may be of the kind well known and availableto those having skill in the computer software arts.

Examples of computer code include machine code, such as produced by acompiler, and files containing higher-level code that are executed by acomputer using an interpreter or a compiler. For example, an embodimentof the disclosure may be implemented using Java, C++, or otherobject-oriented programming language and development tools. Additionalexamples of computer code include encrypted code and compressed code.Moreover, an embodiment of the disclosure may be downloaded as acomputer program product, which may be transferred from a remotecomputer (e.g., a server computer) to a requesting computer (e.g., aclient computer or a different server computer) via a transmissionchannel. Another embodiment of the disclosure may be implemented inhardwired circuitry in place of, or in combination with,machine-executable software instructions.

An example of an embodiment of puck 110 is illustrated in FIG. 3A (sideview) and FIG. 3B (bottom view).

FIG. 3A illustrates a side view of an example of an embodiment of a puck300 shaped for snap-fit placement in a receptacle 120. Puck 300 includesthree portions 320, 330, 340, where portion 330 is between portions 320and 340. An outer diameter of portion 320 is greater than an outerdiameter of portion 340, and the outer diameter of portion 340 isgreater than an outer diameter of portion 330. Either portion 340 hassome flexibility, or receptacle 120 has some flexibility, such thatportion 340 may pass through an opening of receptacle 120 with an outerdiameter that is less than the outer diameter of portion 340 but greaterthan the outer diameter of portion 330. In this way, puck 300 may besnapped into the associated receptacle by a slight deformation of theportion 340 or a slight deformation of the opening of receptacle 120,allowing portion 340 to pass and portion 330 to rest in the opening.Puck 300 further includes an alignment notch 350 for proper positioningof puck 300 in receptacle 120. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3A,alignment notch 350 extends through portions 330 and 340, and slightlyinto portion 320. When puck 330 is placed in receptacle 120, a bottomsurface 345 of portion 340 is positioned facing receptacle 120.

Puck 300 includes a housing (e.g., portions 320, 330, 340) with variouselectronic components inside, as discussed elsewhere in the presentdisclosure. The housing may be sealed, so that it is water and humidityresistant, or waterproof.

FIG. 3B illustrates a bottom view of puck 300, where the term “bottom”is relative to the orientation of FIG. 3A. Because the outer diameter ofportion 320 is greater than the outer diameter of portion 340, anannular view of portion 320 surrounding portion 340 can be seen from thebottom of puck 300. Alignment notch 350 extends horizontally across thebottom of puck 300, in addition to extending vertically (FIG. 3A). Puck300 includes contact areas 360, which may be protrusions, pads, orrecesses, or a combination thereof. Contact areas 360 make physicalcontact with respective areas of receptacle 120, and some or all ofcontact areas 360 may also make electrical contact with the respectiveareas of receptacle 120.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 3A, 3B, puck 300 has a generally circularform in a bottom view, and contact areas 360 are arranged alonggenerally concentric circles. In other embodiments, puck 300 has as adifferent form in a bottom view, such as elliptical, square,rectangular, or polygonal. Further, positioning, number and size ofcontact areas 360 within the scope of the present disclosure may bedifferent than illustrated in FIG. 3B.

An example of an embodiment of receptacle 120 is illustrated in FIGS. 4A(perspective view) and 4B (end view).

FIG. 4A illustrates a perspective view of an example of an embodiment ofa receptacle 400 with a configuration corresponding in some respects topuck 300 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and thus puck 300 will be referred to in thefollowing description by way of non-limiting example. Receptacle 400includes a casing or housing 410 that defines a cavity 415 into whichpuck 300 is placed. A ring 430 (or partial ring, or segments of a ring)is positioned to provide a snap fit between receptacle 400 and puck 300,such that portion 340 of puck 300 pushes past ring 430 of receptacle400, and ring 430 of receptacle 400 rests in portion 330 of puck 300.Alignment protrusion 450 is connected to (or is part of) casing orhousing 410, extends horizontally into cavity 415, and vertically to (orbeyond) ring 430. When puck 300 is placed in receptacle 400, alignmentprotrusion 450 of receptacle 400 is positioned within alignment notch350 of puck 300.

Receptacle 400 further includes contact areas 460. When puck 300 isplaced in receptacle 400, some of contact areas 360 of puck 300 makephysical contact with respective contact areas 460 of receptacle 400;further, some of contact areas 360 of puck 300 make electrical contactwith respective contact areas 460 of receptacle 400. Puck 300 may havemore contact areas 360 than receptacle 400 has contact areas 460,because receptacle 400 is for a specific use, whereas puck 300 isagnostic to use. In this way, one puck 300 may be used with a variety ofspecific-use receptacles 400.

Receptacle 400 further includes an optional latch 470 that is positionedover puck 300 to hold puck 300 in place within cavity 415 of receptacle400, and may be moved to allow for removal of puck 300 from receptacle400.

Receptacle 400 further includes optional wiring 480 for connection tosensors of an associated article 130. In one or more embodiments, thesensors are contained within casing or housing 410, and wiring 480 isnot implemented.

FIG. 4B illustrates receptacle 400 from a cross-sectional view alongline A-A in FIG. 4A. In this view, a tapering profile of cavity 415 isevident. The tapering profile matches a tapering profile of puck 300(FIG. 3A). As noted above, when puck 300 is placed in receptacle 400,ring 430 of receptacle 400 is positioned in portion 330 of puck 300, andalignment protrusion 450 of receptacle 400 is positioned withinalignment notch 350 of puck 300. Contact areas 460 are illustrated inFIG. 4B as protrusions; however, contact areas 460 may instead be padsor recesses. The form of contact areas 460 of receptacle 400 and contactareas 360 of puck 300 are complimentary, such as pad-to-pad,protrusion-to-recess, or recess-to-protrusion. In one or moreembodiments, contact areas 460 and 360 each include a combination ofpads, protrusions, and recesses.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B together thus describe a mating pair of puck 300and receptacle 400 by way of example. Many other configurations arewithin the scope of this disclosure.

FIGS. 5A, 5B illustrate an implementation of article 130 in the form ofa glove 500. Glove 500 includes a receptacle 510 (e.g., receptacle 120or 400) positioned thereon, and a puck 515 (e.g., puck 110 or 300)placed within receptacle 510. FIG. 5A illustrates a back side of a rightglove 500, and FIG. 5B illustrates a palm side of a left glove 500,where the right and left gloves 500 are constructed in mirror image withrespect to each other.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B together, glove 500 includes a glove body505 of a flexible material, upon which receptacle 510 is permanently orsemi-permanently attached. In one or more embodiments, receptacle 510 isdetachable, so that glove 500 may be laundered. In other embodiments,receptacle 510 may be laundered with glove 500. Puck 515 is shown placedin receptacle 510, and is removable. Wiring 525 electrically connects afingertip sensor 540 to receptacle 510. Wiring 530 electrically connectsa palm sensor 545 and a thumb sensor 520 to receptacle 510. In theembodiment of glove 500, portions 535 and 550 are structuralreinforcements that do not contain sensors.

FIGS. 6A, 6B illustrate a different implementation of article 130 as aglove 600. Glove 600 includes a receptacle 605 and a puck 610 placedtherein. FIG. 6A illustrates a back side of a left glove 600, and FIG.6B illustrates a palm side of the left glove 600. A right glove 600 (notshown) may be a mirror image of the left glove 600. Referring to FIGS.6A and 6B together, rather than thumb sensor 520 and fingertip sensor540 as in glove 500, glove 600 includes two finger portions 615, eachwith one or more sensors 620. Similar to palm sensor 545 of glove 500,glove 600 includes palm sensor 625. Glove 600 further includes anoptional wrist strap 630. In one or more embodiments, glove 600 mayinclude material along fingers/thumb not covered by finger portions 615;however, as illustrated in the embodiment of FIGS. 6A, 6B, a portion 635of the glove 600 material may leave the remaining fingers/thumb exposed.In one or more embodiments, glove 600 includes a mesh material 640 overportions of glove 600 for breathability. In one or more embodiments, apalm grip 645 is perforated leather to provide improved grip. In one ormore embodiments, wrist strap 630 is a compression material.

FIG. 7 illustrates a glove 700 similar to the glove 600 of FIGS. 6A, 6B.As shown, a puck 710 is removable from a receptacle 720 of the glove700.

FIG. 8 illustrates a wristband 800 (or armband or legband). As shown,puck 710 (FIG. 7) may be placed in a receptacle 820 of wristband 800. Inone or more embodiments, wristband 800 is an activity-specific article130, such as a pedometer with sensors for measuring arm swing, or abio-feedback device with sensors for measuring heart rate, bloodpressure, oxygen level, and such. In one or more embodiments, wristband800 includes a computing device 140. In such embodiments, informationreceived by puck 710 during placement in receptacle 720 of glove 700 maybe transferred to wristband 820. In turn, wristband 820 may provide theinformation from puck 710 via network 150 to another computing device140. For example, wristband 820 may provide the information via a localarea network such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to a smart phone, or via anInternet protocol to a remote computer of the Internet. In one or moreembodiments, puck 710 includes a capability to provide informationwirelessly over a local area network.

FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate that puck 710 may be removed from wristband800 and placed in other receptacles, such as receptacle 920 of shoe 900,where sensors include pressure sensors 930 in a shoe insert or shoesole; or such as receptacle 1020 in helmet 1000, where sensors includeforce sensors 1030 in a lining of the helmet 1000.

FIG. 11 illustrates in block diagram form how components of modularphysical activity monitoring system 100 may interact with each other, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Puck 110 isrepresented as being physically connected to (placed in) receptacle 120by way of line 1105 representing physical connection between puck 110and receptacle 120 positioned on article 130. Line 1105 may alsorepresent electrical interconnection. Thus, physical interface 1106 ofpuck 110 is in physical (and electrical) contact with physical interface1107 of receptacle 120. Physical contact may be through alignment ofpads, protrusions, or recesses, such as pad-on-pad orprotrusion-in-recess contact, as described above.

Puck 110 includes a rechargeable battery 1110. Receptacle 120 mayreceive power through physical interface 1107 from puck 110, or mayinclude a rechargeable battery 1111. To reduce a size of puck 110 andreceptacle 120, small-footprint batteries are used. Some small-footprintbatteries have low charge storage capability. Accordingly, a powermanagement scheme may be implemented, such that one or both of puck 110and receptacle 120 are moved between power states according to an amountof power currently demanded, or to force lower power usage when abattery 1110, 1111 is approaching a low charge state. For example, asubject's rate of change of motion may be very slow relative to a speedof a microprocessor, and thus, circuitry incorporated into puck 110and/or receptacle 120 may be put into a low power state between sensorreadings.

When puck 110 and receptacle 120 are disengaged, there may not be areason to keep one or both powered up, and thus one or both are powereddown to a lower power state, or powered off. In one or more embodiments,physical contact between physical interfaces 1106, 1107 engages amechanical switch that activates power or a change in power level forone or both of puck 110 and receptacle 120. In one or more embodiments,physical contact between physical interfaces 1106, 1107 engages anelectrical switch that activates power or a change in power level forone or both of puck 110 and receptacle 120.

In one or more embodiments, one or both of batteries 1110, 1111 arerecharged by harvesting energy from a motion of the subject.

Article 130 includes one or more sensors 1115. Some examples of sensorsare described below. Sensors 1115 may output measurements in digital oranalog form, such as digital words representing an analog value, analogsignals whose frequencies represent discrete values, analog signalswhose magnitudes represent discrete values, analog signals that changewith a changing sensed parameter, or digital signals representing apresence or absence of a parameter. A sensor interface 1120 receives theanalog or digital signals, and may apply filtering, smoothing, zerooffsetting, normalization, or other signal pre-processing prior toproviding information related to the signals to physical interface 1107.In one or more embodiments, sensor interface 1120 is implemented inhardware, and outputs of sensor interface 1120 are hardwired to physicalinterface 1107 via traces/wires 1125. In one or more embodiments, sensorinterface 1120 includes a computing device, such as a microprocessor,that performs digital signal processing to pre-process the signals, andthen provides information related to the signals to physical interface1107 over traces/wires 1125 connected to physical interface 1107, suchas a serial or parallel interface with traces/wires 1125, or throughdedicated or switched input/output pins connected to traces/wires 1125.

Receptacle 120 includes a unique identifier (UID) 1130, that identifiesreceptacle 120, for example, by one or more of model number, serialnumber, manufacture date, intended activity, type of article to which itis attached, sensor types, sensor interface information, or otheridentifying information. The UID 1130 is provided to puck 110 when puck110 is placed into receptacle 120. In one or more embodiments, puck 110may determine from UID 1130 a number and type of contact areas (e.g.,contact areas 460 in FIG. 4A) of receptacle 120, and signal typesexpected at the contact areas. In one or more embodiments, the contactareas of each receptacle 120 in a physical activity monitoring system100 are the same in number, type, and expected signal configurations. Inother embodiments, different receptacles 120 have different number,type, and expected signal configurations. In one or more embodiments,puck 110 stamps data received from receptacle 120 with UID 1130. In thismanner, as puck 110 is moved between receptacles 120, stored data may beidentified as being received from a specific receptacle 120. Stored datamay further be time-stamped.

As noted above, article 130 may include multiple receptacles 120. Thus,it may be envisioned that one puck 110 may be moved between multiplereceptacles 120 of an article 130, or multiple pucks 110 may be movedbetween multiple receptacles 120 of an article 130. Alternatively, eachof multiple receptacles 120 of an article 130 may be populated with arespective puck 110.

Puck 110 includes activity-agnostic sensors 1116, which are agnostic tothe use of receptacle 120 or of article 130. For example, article 130may be a knee brace, and sensors 1115 of the knee brace provide dataspecific to the knee, such as pressure, bend, angle, and acousticinformation. Sensor 1115 data specific to the knee is provided to sensorinterface 1120, and then the data, or information related to the data,is provided by sensor interface 1120 to puck 110 through traces/wires1125 and physical interfaces 1106, 1107. Meanwhile, a sensor interface1121 of puck 110 gathers generic (e.g., not specific to the knee)information or data from sensors 1116, such as, for example,accelerometer, gyroscope, or magnetometer information for determiningacceleration, velocity, gravitational force, relative motion, tilt, ororientation with respect to puck 110.

Sensors 1116 may output measurements in digital or analog form, such asdigital words representing an analog value, analog signals whosefrequencies represent discrete values, analog signals whose magnitudesrepresent discrete values, analog signals that change with a changingsensed parameter, or digital signals representing a presence or absenceof a parameter. Sensor interface 1121 receives the analog or digitalsignals, and may apply filtering, smoothing, zero offsetting,normalization, or other signal pre-processing. In one or moreembodiments, sensor interface 1121 is implemented in hardware, andoutputs of sensor interface 1121 are hardwired to data interface 1140.In one or more embodiments, sensor interface 1121 includes a computingdevice, such as a microprocessor, that performs digital signalprocessing to pre-process the signals, and then provides informationrelated to the signals to data interface 1140, such as over a serial orparallel interface, or through dedicated or switched input/output pins.

Information or data from sensor interface 1121 may subsequently be usedwith information from sensor interface 1120, such as for verification ofdata received, or for reconstruction of movement, for example.

Information or data received from sensor interface 1120 through physicalinterfaces 1106, 1107 is provided to data interface 1140. Informationreceived from sensor interface 1121 is also provided to data interface1140. A form of the information received at data interface 1140 isprovided to a processor 1150.

Data interface 1140 includes circuitry for converting the informationreceived at data interface 1140 into a format suitable for use byprocessor 1150. In one or more embodiments, the circuitry includes oneor more filters, such as low-pass, band-pass, or high-pass filters,implemented in hardware or software (e.g., in a secondary processor oran FPGA). In one or more embodiments, the circuitry includesanalog-to-digital (A/D) and/or digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. Inone or more embodiments, the circuitry includes level-shifting and/orzero offsetting capability. In one or more embodiments, the circuitryincludes a capability to convert from data received in one form to datareceived in another form, such as converting from parallel data toserial data, serial data to parallel data, data formatted in a firstprotocol to data formatted in a second protocol, and so forth. Further,in one or more embodiments, data interface 1140 performs data fusion.

In one or more embodiments, data interface 1140 time stamps informationreceived. For example, data interface 1140 may stamp information fromsensor interfaces 1120, 1121 with the time that it was received at datainterface 1140. In one or more embodiments, data interface 1140 stampsinformation from sensor interface 1120 with UID 1130 of receptacle 120from which it was received, and stamps information from sensor interface1121 with UID 1131 of puck 110.

In other embodiments, time stamps and/or UID 1130, 1131 stamps areapplied by processor 1150 instead of by data interface 1140. In yetfurther embodiments, one or both of time stamps and UID 1130, 1131stamps are not applied.

Processor 1150 receives information provided by data interface 1140, andstores the information in a memory 1160 (such as described with respectto memory 220 in FIG. 2). In one or more embodiments, processor 1150includes a direct memory access (DMA) controller that automaticallystores information from data interface 1140 to memory 1160, or fromsensor interface 1121 to memory 1160. Processor 1150 may pre-processinformation received from data interface 1140, such as by frequency bandfiltering (e.g., low-pass, band-pass, or high-pass filtering),decimating or otherwise down-sampling, smoothing, integrating orotherwise averaging, normalizing, error checking, validity checking(e.g., “sanity” checking), and so forth. Such pre-processing may beperformed on information as it is received (e.g., in near real time), ormay be performed on information retrieved from memory 1160. The termnear real time in this context accounts for system and processingdelays.

Processor 1150 provides information received from data interface 1140 toa communication interface 1170 (such as described with respect tocommunication interface 240 in FIG. 2). Processor 1150 provides theinformation formatted according to the protocol used for communicationinterface 1170. For example, the information may be provided as datapackets with or without headers, as serial data words, as parallel datawords, or other formats. In one or more embodiments, near real timeinformation is provided to communication interface 1170. In one or moreembodiments, processor 1150 provides the information stored in memory1160 without further data processing; in other embodiments, processor1150 further processes the information prior to providing theinformation to communication interface 1170. For example, processor 1150may perform data fusion, and/or may apply the information to a model toidentify activities (e.g., deep knee bends in the example of the kneebrace), and send information related to the identified activities to thecommunication interface 1170. Such information may include activity,number of repetitions, repetition rate, time between repetitions,increasing or decreasing time between repetitions, or other suchinformation useful for tracking activity.

In one or more embodiments, communication interface 1170 is wireless,and thus near-real time information may be gathered and processed. Inone or more embodiments, puck 110 includes an audio, visual, or hapticdevice that provides feedback to a wearer of article 130. For example, acomputing device 140 within physical activity monitoring system 100 mayreceive information from puck 110, identify an activity being performed,and provide audio, visual, or haptic feedback to the wearer indicatingwhether the activity is being performed correctly.

In one or more embodiments, puck 110 is placed in an upload receptacleto provide information from memory 1160 to a computing device 140through a wired or wireless connection. An upload receptacle may includemultiple bays for wired connection, to allow for uploading data frommultiple pucks 110 concurrently. The upload receptacle may include wiredor wireless charging to recharge puck(s) 110.

Communication from puck 110 to computing device 140 may be encrypted, ormay include other data security measures, such as for limiting access topersonal information to only those designated for access.

In one or more embodiments, puck 110 includes a sensor 1116 fordetecting pulse. Characteristics of a subject's pulse may be matched tocharacteristics stored in a database to identify whether the subject isthe person registered to puck 110.

By way of an example of a physical activity monitoring system 100, anembodiment is next described in which physical activity monitoringsystem 100 is used to improve training of a hypothetical subject who isa weightlifter and also a bicycle enthusiast. In this example, thesubject is monitored remotely by a physical trainer. On a first day, thesubject is provided with a list of weightlifting activities to performin a given sequence with a defined number of repetitions. On the firstday, the subject wears two gloves, described by way of example as gloves600 illustrated in FIGS. 6A, 6B. Each glove 600 incorporates sensors620, 625 coupled to receptacle 605. On the first day, a puck 610 isplaced in each glove 600, such that sensor 620, 625 data may be receivedat both hands. Sensors 620, 625 include pressure or force sensors, sothat the subject's grip strength may be monitored, among other things.The subject progresses through the list of weightlifting activities, andwhen finished, removes both pucks 110, and downloads data from bothpucks 110 through communication interface 1170 to a smart phone, tablet,or other computing device. The subject then submits the data from thecomputing device to the trainer, such as via email, a data exchangesite, or submission into website associated with the trainer or withphysical activity monitoring system 100. The trainer analyzes the data,such as to see whether instructions were followed, whether the subjectwas able to perform the list of activities, to determine repetitionrates, to identify a weak arm or hand, or other analyses applicable tothe training. The trainer prepares a list of activities for the secondday, and provides the list to the subject.

Continuing with the example, on the second day, the trainer wishes toreceive information from hands and knees to verify correct motion oridentify stress points, but knows that the subject has no more than twopucks 110. Thus, on the second day, the subject is directed to use onepuck 110 in the glove of the weak arm, and one puck 110 in a biker kneebrace on the same side of the body. At the end of the second day, thesubject provides the data from pucks 110 to the trainer, and the traineranalyzes the data. On the third day, the trainer instructs the subjectto go biking, wearing two biker knee braces, and placing one of thesubject's two pucks 110 in each biker knee brace. At the end of thethird day, the subject provides the data from pucks 110 to the trainer,and the trainer analyzes the data to identify whether the biking isaugmenting or detracting from the weight training, such as whether thejoints are becoming overstressed from similar use in both weightliftingand biking. Pucks 110 each provide activity-agnostic information toaugment the information received from gloves 600 and the biker kneebraces. Thus, whether placed in glove 600 or placed in a biker kneebrace, puck 110 gathers activity-agnostic information from internalsensors 1116, such as three-dimensional acceleration data or biologicaldata (e.g., pulse or temperature). When the activity-agnosticinformation from puck 110 and activity-specific information (such asdata from sensors 1115 in weightlifting gloves) is combined, the resultis a more detailed picture of the activity performed.

The example of the hypothetical weightlifting/biking subject providesone scenario for use of physical activity monitoring system 100. Manyother scenarios are within the scope of the present disclosure. Suchscenarios include, but are not limited to, physical therapy regimens,training for synchronous sports, proof of activity performed, analysisof workplace injury-inducing tasks, detection of injury-inducingmovements, modeling of human behavior, teaching of robotic systemsthrough mimicking of movements, providing activity models for characteranimation, interactive gaming, remote manipulation of tools (e.g.,manufacturing or surgical) or vehicles (e.g., drones and bomb disposalunits), retraining human behavior following a stroke, and many otherscenarios.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a receptacle 120 including aprogrammable (and possibly reprogrammable) UID device 1205. UID device1205 may be electrically connected to one or more contact areas 1210(similar to contact areas 460 in FIG. 4B) of receptacle 120 as shown. Inone or more embodiments, UID device 1205 is a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) chip or screen print. In one or more embodiments,UID 1205 is an ASIC. In one or more embodiments, UID device 1205 is aprogrammable resistor or set of programmable resistors, and theresistive value is read by puck 110 through contact areas 1210. In suchembodiments, a number of programmable resistors, or a resolution of theresistor value of a programmable resistor, provides sufficient differentUIDs for the application, such as sufficient different UIDs for eachtype of receptacle 120, for each receptacle 120 manufactured, or foreach receptacle 120 provided to a particular user.

Sensors

Referring back to FIG. 11, article 130 is, or includes, a flexibletextile, such as a flexible upper or flexible inner sole for a shoe, aflexible shirt material with stiff elbow guards for skateboarding, aflexible pant material for skiing, a flexible body suit for surfing, aflexible inner surface material of a helmet, and so forth. Article 130,or portions thereof, are washable.

Activity-specific sensors 1115 are incorporated into or onto thematerial of article 130. Examples of sensors 1115 includepiezoresistive, piezoelectric, photoelectric, capacitive or inductivesensors, and resistive thermal detectors (RTD, also known as resistivetemperature detectors). Sensors 1115 may be used to detect, for example,electrodermal activity (such as skin conductance, galvanic skinresponse, electrodermal response, psychogalvanic reflex, skinconductance response, and skin conductance level), muscle cellelectrical potential (such as for electromyography), proximity,luminescence, heart rate, temperature, touch, force, motion andpressure.

In one or more embodiments, a piezoelectric ink or paint is used to formsensor 1115. In one or more embodiments, a piezoresistive ink isdisposed on a portion of the material of article 130, or apiezoresistive material is used for a portion of, or all of, article130. Resistance can be measured with resistor ladders, Wheatstonebridges, matrix (row and/or column) threshold sensing, or othertechniques. Resistance sensing may be absolute or relative. In eithercase, resistivity of sensor 1115 may be characterized, and measurementsadjusted according to a calibration determined from thecharacterization.

Piezoresistive or piezoelectric sensors may be formed using multiplealternating layers of conductive material. For example, piezoresistivematerial can include conductive fibers, conductive fragments: when thepiezoresistive material is compressed, the conductive fibers orfragments become closer together, which changes a resistance of thematerial locally to where the material was compressed. Conductors orconductive layers on both sides of the material are used to detect theresistance. Layers of such piezoresistive material may be stacked withan insulating material between to provide additional range, sensitivityor resolution for the intended application.

For example, different piezo ink formulas have different impedancecurves, some having good sensitivity for lighter weights, and othershaving little sensitivity for lighter weights but useful over a widerange of weights. Thus, different inks could be used alone to achieve,for example, good sensitivity for lighter weights, or sensitivity over awide range of weights. Alternatively, a combination of the inks can beused, such as on different layers, or side-by-side, to achieve a desiredsensitivity for a given weight range.

A coating may be applied over the conductive fibers or material, toelectrically insulate the conductive fibers or material, as well as toprotect the conductive fibers or material from degradation during useand laundering.

A Prototype of an Embodiment

FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate a version 2.3 of a prototype weightliftingglove 1300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG.13A illustrates prototype glove 1300 in a view from a back side of thehand when worn. In this prototype glove 1300, two fingers of the handare fully covered by material, as shown by a third (middle) finger area1305, and a fourth (ring) finger area 1310. The remaining fingers arepartially covered in this embodiment. Third finger area 1305 and fourthfinger area 1310 include sensors, as described below.

A prototype puck 1315 is shown placed within a receptacle 1320. A set ofwires 1325 extend from puck 1315 to a connector 1330 on a programmablelogic unit 1335 development board, which is a computing device 200. Inthis version of the prototype glove 1300, programmable logic unit 1335is an Arduino Uno. A micro SD RAM memory is included with the ArduinoUno, and the Arduino Uno includes a Bluetooth™ protocol communicationmodule.

Another set of wires 1340 extends from prototype glove 1300 toprogrammable logic unit 1335, as discussed below. A power sourceconnector 1345 is attached to programmable logic unit 1335, as alsodiscussed below.

In prototype glove 1300, programmable logic unit 1335 and a power source(discussed below) are mounted on the prototype glove 1300 fordevelopment. In a planned version, prototype puck 1315 will be replacedwith a puck (e.g., 110) that includes a computing device and a powersource (such as described with respect to FIG. 11).

FIG. 13B illustrates components of the prototype glove 1300 of FIG. 13A,including an outer glove portion 1301 and an inner glove portion 1302.Power source connector 1345 is attached to power source 1350.

Inner glove portion 1302 includes finger sensors 1355, positioned at thefingertips of third finger area 1305 and fourth finger area 1310. Innerglove portion 1302 further includes a palm sensor 1360. Finger sensors1355 and palm sensor 1360 are piezoresistive fabric sensors in thisprototype. As a weightlifting activity is performed, a pressure orchange in pressure is detected from a measured resistance of thepiezoresistive fabric. Conductors 1341 connect finger sensors 1355 andpalm sensor 1360 through a connector 1342 to wires 1340.

As can be seen, prototype glove 1300 is an activity-specific article 130(weight-lifting) in physical activity monitoring system 100.Activity-agnostic sensors are included in puck 1315. Theactivity-agnostic sensors of puck 1315 are in an inertial measurementunit (IMU) of an InvenSense MPU-9150. The IMU includes a 3-axisaccelerometer, a 3-axis gyroscope, and a 3-axis magnetometer.

A subject wears prototype glove 1300 as shown in FIG. 13A, with innerglove portion 1302 against the skin, and outer glove portion 1301 overinner glove portion 1302. As the subject lifts a weight, the resistivityat finger sensors 1355 and palm sensor 1360 changes, and the resistivityor change in resistivity is measured by programmable logic unit 1335.Additionally, activity-agnostic acceleration, gyroscopic, andmagnetometric information is acquired from the IMU. The information fromthe finger sensors 1355, palm sensor 1360 and IMU is stored in the microSD memory and/or transmitted via Bluetooth to a computing device.

FIG. 13C is a plot of data received by programmable logic unit 1335 andtransmitted to an external computing device via Bluetooth. Data of nineIMU signals are shown on the plot: accelerometer data in three axes (x,y, z), gyroscope data in three axes (x, y, z) and magnetometer data inthree axis (x, y, z). Also plotted is resistivity from piezoresistivefinger sensors 1355 and the palm sensor 1360. As indicated in FIG. 13C,the combination of information from the activity-specific finger sensors1355 and the palm sensor 1360 with information from the IMU allows for arecognition of the specific activity that was performed. Specifically, asequence of ten dumbbell curls, ten dumbbell side raises and tendumbbell presses was performed. The combined information furtherprovides for a determination that the activities were performed using aten pound dumbbell.

When the weightlifting session is complete, puck 1315 may be removedfrom prototype glove 1300 and placed in a receptacle of another article130, such as armband/wristband 1360.

FIG. 14 illustrates one prototype finger sensor 1355 used in a versionof prototype glove 1300. Finger sensor 1355 is a piezoresistive inkapplied to a flexible fabric. Conductors 1341 are conductive ink appliedto the flexible fabric. A dielectric material may be coated over one orboth of the piezoresistive ink and the conductive ink, such as forelectrical isolation or humidity protection. In other prototypeversions, conductive thread or wire was applied to or woven into thematerial of the prototype gloves 1300 to form conductors 1341.

While the disclosure has been described with reference to the specificembodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the artthat various changes may be made and equivalents may be substitutedwithout departing from the true spirit and scope of the disclosure asdefined by the appended claims. In addition, many modifications may bemade to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter,method, operation or operations, to the objective, spirit and scope ofthe disclosure. All such modifications are intended to be within thescope of the claims appended hereto. In particular, while certainmethods may have been described with reference to particular operationsperformed in a particular order, it will be understood that theseoperations may be combined, sub-divided, or re-ordered to form anequivalent method without departing from the teachings of thedisclosure. Accordingly, unless specifically indicated herein, the orderand grouping of the operations is not a limitation of the disclosure.

1. A system, comprising: an activity-specific article, the articlecomprising: at least one receptacle; and at least one activity-specificsensor coupled to the receptacle, the at least one activity-specificsensor comprising a piezoresistive sensor; and at least oneactivity-agnostic puck configured to be removably positioned in thereceptacle, the puck comprising: a processor; a communication interface;and at least one activity-agnostic sensor coupled to the processor;wherein the processor is configured to receive information from theactivity-specific sensor and the activity-agnostic sensor, and providethe received information through the communication interface.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the activity-specific article is a wearableclothing item.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor isfurther configured to receive a unique identifier from the receptacle,and identify the receptacle or the activity-specific article from theunique identifier.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the processor isfurther configured to stamp the information from the activity-specificsensor with the unique identifier.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further configured to stamp the information from theactivity-agnostic sensor with a unique identifier of theactivity-agnostic puck.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at leastone activity-specific sensor further comprises a piezoelectric sensor.7. The system of claim 1, wherein the piezoresistive sensor is formed ofa piezoresistive ink.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein thepiezoresistive sensor is formed of interspersed layers of a conductivematerial, a piezoresistive material, and an insulating material.
 9. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the activity-agnostic sensor is an inertialmeasurement unit.
 10. The system of claim 1, the puck further comprisinga memory, wherein the processor is further configured to save thereceived information to the memory.
 11. The system of claim 1, whereinthe puck is waterproof. 12-15. (canceled)
 16. A sealed removable puck,comprising: a processor; a communication interface coupled to theprocessor; at least one sensor comprising an inertial measurement unitincluding an accelerometer and an angular velocity sensor; a sensorinterface coupled to the sensor; a physical interface configured forcoupling to a receptacle; wherein the processor is configured to:identify, through information received via the physical interface whencoupled to the receptacle, an activity-specific article to which thereceptacle is attached; receive activity-specific sensor informationthrough the physical interface; receive activity-agnostic sensorinformation from the sensor interface; and provide the receivedactivity-specific and activity-agnostic sensor information wirelesslythrough the communication interface.
 17. The sealed removable puck ofclaim 16, wherein the at least one sensor further comprises apiezoresistive sensor.
 18. The sealed removable puck of claim 17,wherein the at least one sensor includes a pulse rate sensor.
 19. Thesealed removable puck of claim 17, wherein the processor is configuredto identify the activity-specific article to which the receptacle isattached by receiving a unique identifier from the physical interface,wherein the processor is further configured to stamp theactivity-specific sensor information with the unique identifier.
 20. Thesealed removable puck of claim 17, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to stamp the activity-agnostic sensor information with aunique identifier of the puck.
 21. A system, comprising anactivity-specific wearable article, the article comprising: a material;a receptacle coupled to the material, the receptacle structured toremovably receive an activity-agnostic puck; and at least oneactivity-specific sensor coupled to the receptacle, theactivity-specific sensor comprising one of, or a combination of: apiezoresistive ink disposed on the material of the article; or apiezoresistive material used as a portion of, or all of, the material ofthe article.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the activity-specificsensor comprises the piezoresistive ink disposed on the material of thearticle, wherein the piezoresistive ink comprises two or more inkdeposits, and a first ink deposit of the two or more ink deposits has adifferent ink formula than a second ink deposit of the two or more inkdeposits.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the different ink formulashave different impedance curves.
 24. The system of claim 21, wherein theactivity-specific sensor comprises the piezoresistive material used as aportion of, or all of, the material of the article, the piezoresistivematerial comprising one or more layers of conductive material alternatedwith one or more layers of insulating material.
 25. The system of claim21, wherein the activity-specific sensor comprises two or more portions,and ones of the two or more portions exhibit different sensitivity topressure than others of the two or more portions.
 26. The system ofclaim 21, further comprising: at least one activity-agnostic puckconfigured to be removably positioned in the receptacle, the puckcomprising: a processor; a communication interface; and at least oneactivity-agnostic sensor coupled to the processor; wherein the processoris configured to receive information from the activity-specific sensorand the activity-agnostic sensor, and provide the received informationthrough the communication interface.
 27. A non-transitory computerreadable medium, comprising computer-readable instructions which, whenexecuted by a computing device, cause the computing device to: receive afirst activity plan; provide a first direction at a graphical userinterface according to the first activity plan, the first directionindicating to position an activity-agnostic puck in a receptacle of afirst activity-specific wearable article, and to perform a firstactivity associated with the first activity-specific wearable article;receive first information from the activity-agnostic puck, the firstinformation including information related to performance of the firstactivity and an identification of the first activity-specific wearablearticle; receive a second activity plan; provide a second direction atthe graphical user interface according to the second activity plan, thesecond direction indicating to position the activity-agnostic puck inthe receptacle of the first activity-specific wearable article or in areceptacle of a second activity-specific wearable article, and perform asecond activity; and receive second information from theactivity-agnostic puck, the second information including informationrelated to performance of the second activity and an identification ofthe first or second activity-specific wearable article.